Sports Medicine Essays - Psychology, Applied Psychology, Imagination

Sports Medicine Today in sports athletes endure many mental and physical obstacles from there competitive environment. Many of today's best athletes work with sports psychologists to help them handle the pressures found in this competitive atmosphere. One question that athletes ask is, why cant they play in big games as well as they anticipate themselves doing? Sports psychologists feel that spending all their time on body conditioning and athletic skills will not ensure that athletes reach their peak performance. Through various studies, psychologists conclude that the psyche aspect must also be in shape to maximize the performance potential in sports as well as education or running a business corporation. Psychologists conclude that by fine-tuning athletic skills, and making real-life movements more automatic, it will install a sense of calmness as athletes prepare for the pressure of competition. They call this technique guided imagery. They use this technique for the mental aspect of fundamental skills. Psychologists recommend that athletes mentally practice their events on the eve of competition. When it comes to sports, the winning edge throughout the world of sports may have less to do with strength and talent, and more to do with, what sports psychologists call it, mental toughness. Sports psychologists James Loehr, calls mental toughness, the ability to handle and even enjoy the psychological pressure of a competitive situation. (Harry Hurt, 1996, p.12) Many of today's best athletes seek help from sports psychologists, in order to help them with their overall game. Negative thoughts and psychological pressure from competitive moments; create many distractions for athletes who do not focus mental pictures in their minds. A vivid picture, is one that allows individuals to see stress and negative thoughts as a challenge, rather than a threat. Psychologists assist athletes in coping with many obstacles that might occur, so that when they get in a pressured dilemma, they can react quickly to the situation. Prior to the 1992 Olympics sports psychologists James Loehr, spent a considerable amount of time mentally preparing Jansen's mind to set high goals, so that he wouldn't repeat failure, as he experienced, in the last two Olympics. (Harry Hurt 1996, p.12) Psychological pressure has a major effect on athletes' performance and individual ability, rather than the physical state. Psychologist tries to set high standards for athletes to maintain poise and discipline. Athletes must make sacrifices, in witch they have to follow steps in order to complete these tasks: first, relax, and let your mind replace all the negative thoughts with positive ones. Secondly, learn from mistakes and make adjustments. To achieve ultimate physical performance it is necessary for one's mind and body work in tandem. The mind is a message center that allows the body to accomplish whatever it wants. Coaches and psychologists believe your mind determines, how fast, you can achieve your goals. Psychologists feel as though, with out self-confidence in yourself, nothing really matters, because in your heart and mind, your have already classified your self as a failure! In Today's field of work, sports psychologist are trying to use different techniques to improve athletes' performance. After comprehensive research and development, psychologists came up with the following findings: first, athletes who view stressful situations as a threat, produce hormones and chemicals in their body that can impair physical and mental performance. (Harry Hurt, 1996 p.12) Second, athletes who meet as a challenge create a rush of adrenaline and sugar inside their body. According to medical sources this is called a natural high, which is responsible for athletes exceeding in their performance. Additionally, James Loehr believed that, the findings mentioned above are difficult to perform, but players that develop self-discipline to commit themselves to do it right, succeed in the sports world, as well as life in general. Musicians, actors, professional business executives, sprinters, and athletes are different in terms of their size, quickness, thinking ability, movement and other characteristics associated to this group. To be successful James Loehr has several techniques that are implement into their daily activity that will make them very successful. According to all his research, it all comes down to is, being able to do these things techniques on constant bases and one performance will be far better than the average person will. These techniques will provide the ingredients, in order to allow their brain to clearly see the task before them. The first technique used by many psychologists is called, replace the pain. Athletes in various sports often get depressed and discouraged because of the different aspects of their athletic skills that they cannot accomplish, because of fatigue or pain. To overcome these obstacles sports psychologists have athletes visualize long term

Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example

Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example Online Shopping Motivation Essay Example One of the effects of globalization is the advancement that has been realized in information technology. As a result, business organizations and firms have changed their approach to the markets. The performances of activities that direct the flow of goods and services from manufacturers to their customers have taken another course. The Internet revolution has provided a lot of information resources along with other services that were difficult to reach (Fenech O’Cass 2001, pp. 361-381). At the click of a mouse button, people can get access to the information they want on different topics and items. The Internet has played a major role in online marketing and shopping. Shopping online is a very common trend in the contemporary society and in modern times as it runs all through the day and during the night covering all types of products and services. Establishing the Motivation Factors to Purchase in the Online Shopping There are quite a number of factors that have facilitated online shopping experience. Along with the access to the international market arena, it provides a flexibility level that cannot be equated to a conventional shopping approach (Sorce, Perotti Widrick 2005, pp.122-132). The speed of doing business has also been revolutionized through online shopping. Such kind of motivations have enabled business organizations to establish the new methods of understanding the behavior of online shopping for the purposes of attracting and retaining customers. Due to this, a lot of research has been conducted concerning interactions on websites along with language, presentation, structure, accessibility, navigation, marketing and security factors. When customers are not in a position to navigate all over the website to get a product they need or not in a position to get secure transactions, they are uncertain to buy from the website or even consider repeating purchases. Despite the fast growth realized in online shopping and the ever increasing users of the Internet facilities, the factors that have contributed to decisions of online shopping are still not fully established. The factors of brand and quality, price and product image all contributed at different levels as vital elements in the decision being taken by customers when making online shopping. Additionally, online purchasing at present does not have tangible evaluative plan like a tactile input regarded as a crucial element while assessing various products. There is a proof in research that tactile input affects the evaluation of products particularly for the ones that need a lot more tactile input (Shang, Chen Shen 2005, pp. 401-413; Teo 2001, pp. 125–137). There is still more development needed to include tactile interaction which is as of now, in an immature state. This is believed to have a big influence in the manner in which online buyers make their decisions. Therefore, the current research will look into the factors that have motivated online shopping amongst customers in different settings. Aim and Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to explore the motivational factors to purchase in the online shopping and to effectively tackle this topic of study, this research will be governed by the following objectives: To define online shopping and related terms. To discuss the concept of online shopping and customer experience. To discuss the benefits and challenges of online shopping. To describe the current marketing development through online shopping. To identify customers’ perceptions and motivational factors on online shopping. Literature Review Engaging buyers in doing shopping online on websites needs the factors that would prompt them to do so. Online shopping has not been fully adopted by many people and is not yet fully exploited. A lot of studies have been involved in establishing the behaviors and attitudes held by customers in the recent past pointing at the factors that influence the decisions (Barkhi Wallace 2007, pp. 313-330; Bhatnagar, Misra and Rao 2000, pp. 98-105; Chiu, Lin Tang, 2005, pp. 416-435; Dholakia Uusitalo, 2002, pp. 459-469; Kim, Kim, Park 2010, pp. 1208-1222). The factors that motivate customers to make decisions of shopping online are still not yet established. Such factors considered to be influential: Internet experience, demographics, shopping orientation, personal traits, normative beliefs, psychological perception, online experience in shopping, and shopping motivation. Consumer behavior towards online shopping should be understood in order to establish an effective relationship between the retailer and the customer. Various concerns and values affecting purchase and search intentions of buyers and building an integrated model could help in explaining the reasons why customers buy items online. An integrated motivation model and factors of concern about online shopping has been established to test the cause and effect of the variables (Chang, Cheung Lai 2005, pp. 543-559). The intentions of the customers to search online and purchase from such platforms have not been without reasons. The intention to search directly influences the intentions of purchase. The utilitarian value of a product does not have a major impact on the intention of search although it does have a significant influence on the intention of shopping online. Security stemming out of concern factors has a big influence on both the purchase and search intentions. However, there is no influence for privacy (Citrin, Sprott, Silverman Stem 2000, pp. 294-300). The popularity of online shopping has mainly been facilitated through the technology advancement and particularly through the use of Internet (Chen Tan, 2004, pp. 74-86). Among the most common Internet activities, online shopping is one apart from emails and browsing the websites. The quick development of information and computer technologies all through consumer and business communities has led to drastic changes (Foucault Scheufele 2002, pp. 409-423; Joines, Scherer Scheufele 2003, pp. 90–108). Internet application for the behavior of purchasing is a significant change in the manner in which sellers and buyers interact. Online shopping is common among young people although the trend has been growing and almost including everybody with Internet knowledge and accessibility. Online shopping has significantly increased (Chiu, Lin Tang 2005, pp. 416-435). Additionally, it has generated a lot of interest amongst business researchers. The impact of the main motivating factors of Internet shopping on the intentions of the consumers has been a very important area of study. Others have included the concern and motivation factors towards shopping via Internet and the effects of hedonic and utilitarian online purchasing value on the intentions and preferences of consumers (Dholakia Uusitalo 2002, pp. 459-469). The willingness of consumers to use the online shopping has been largely attributed to security and privacy based on a model that is technologically acceptable (Huang Oppewal 2006, pp. 334-353). Therefore, the perceptions of security and privacy towards online shopping are highly important for all cons umers. Internet usage amongst the young age groups especially those below 34 has introduced potential buyers for shopping online in many parts of the world (Sorce, Perotti Widrick 2005, pp.122-132). The predisposition that many people belong to that specific age group makes it important to establish the intentions of buying online (Boyer and Hult 2006, p. 124-147). There has been a noteworthy potential for shopping online, however, information related to the concerns and motivation by the shoppers is not available. Explorations are being made in order to establish these concern and motivation factors to offer important information for those doing marketing via online platforms and again for further research (Kim, Kim Park 2010, pp. 1208–1222). Online shopping entirely defines the tendency of buying products or getting services through the Internet. There are different reasons why people go shopping. It is not only about getting the product, but also how and where to get it (Zhou, Dai Zhang 2007, pp. 41-62). These are what are generally called motivations of shopping. The concern factors of safety and security have hindered many potential online shoppers from using their cards and personal information since they have concerns that the information could be used for malicious purposes. Privacy and security are key factors for online shoppers before they can adopt electronic commerce (e-commerce). The ability to shop online is a very significant factor of concern before consumers can engage in online shopping so the experiences with Internet and the rate of purchases are directly related to the ability to shop online. The utilitarian motivation is task-linked, logical and pertinent to closely as to whether or not the product acquisition will be accomplished (To, Liao Lin 2007, pp. 774–787). Based on this perception, customers have concerns about buying products in a manner that is efficient and timely to achieve their objectives and goals without irritation (Mathwick, Malhotra and Rigdon 2001, pp. 39-56). Utilitarian value is thus an overall evaluation of the functional sacrifices and benefits. The value takes place when buyers get their products with using much effort. For online shopping, utilitarian value is categorized based on selection, cost saving, convenience, the absence of sociality and customized services or products and information availability (Teo Yu 2005, pp. 451-65). On the other side, hedonic value refers to the general evaluation of experiential sacrifices and benefits like escapism and entertainment (To, Liao Lin 2007, pp. 774–787). Customers normally take shopp ing as an activity more than just being a task that needs to be accomplished (Vijayasarathy 2004, pp. 747–762). The value of hedonic shopping is seen as entertainment offered through activities of shopping. Online shopping hedonic value is thus categorized as an exploration/adventure, value, social idea, and status and having authority. This study will use a mixed methods strategy that will involve qualitative and quantitative approaches (Axinn Pearce 2006, pp. 23-45). In a study of this kind, it is imperative to enhance the reliability and validity of data collected. The data needed for this study will match well with a mixed methods approach that will provide an opportunity to integrate the data between the different methods. This is indeed a good way of getting credibility and reliability concerning the data sourced from the respondents. The mixed methods approaches will assist in establishing the cause and the effect of the study topic. This is a social research for the reason that it is based on issues connected to human behavior. The credibility of social research is thus increased through a mixed methods approach (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). Through the use of this approach, replication of data will not be realized in the process of doing research. It will also eliminate non-sampling error through the use of various sources. It will therefore be easy to get rid of redundant information which is an important step in the data collection. Additionally, this approach will make it possible to capture data which would otherwise not be done with the use of one study approach. The process of collecting data is very useful in dealing with the weaknesses that may arise through a single-approach. This study will employ probability sampling to select the sample needed for this study from the target online population as probability sampling is the most thorough type of sampling in quantitative studies (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, pp. 43-67). This will be used for the quantitative approach. Moreover, it is important to make sure that customers shopping online are represented based on age, gender and geographical location. Therefore, stratified sampling will be used as an important aspect in attaining this. Industrial or Commercial Research Contacts Statistical techniques as applied in random sampling will be used to select from the participants from online social platforms like Facebook and from friends and relatives who will help in making referrals to get enough participants for the study. A total of 20 participants will be targeted in this study. This chosen sample will be given scaled interviews in the form of questionnaires that will help in collecting important data to make comparisons before conclusions are made. Data Collection Questionnaires will be structured in a way that the research questions included will elicit useful responses from the respondents. These questions will be factual, projective and based on opinion and attitude as well as easy to post and disseminate to the respondents directly (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). They are also easy to collect. Additionally, statistical tools will be utilized in the study process for the purposes of assessing the responses derived from the filled-in questionnaires. Ethical Considerations Making sure that respondents are aware of what the study entails will be a crucial step in collecting data (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, pp. 43-67). Therefore, the respondents will be advised on the nature that will be taken by the study, any possible risks and the benefits realized through their participation. The targeted participants will also have a right to reject a request made to them to take part in the study before they can sign the informed consent form required. All this information will be provided through writing to the targeted respondents. The nature of the study will not be taken lightly and therefore, matters will be kept confidential. This is believed to increase a lot more positive responses from the study and a high probability of participation by the respondents. This communication will also be made by writing to the esteemed participants. Survey forms will be coded in a numerical way and will not have any information linked to any individual participant. The forms pertinent to ethical considerations will be kept in safe place to be an evidence that the participants were not coerced into the study. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data collected As well as different mathematical and statistical tools will be applied. These tools are largely used to help in data representation, delineating how it correlates and in making informed conclusions concerning the topic. The effective data analysis will be ensured through data summarization and classification based on the inherent relationships (Creswell 2003, pp. 11-17). This way, the data will be transformed into forms that are clear like charts and graphs that will present an opportunity to make inferences, recommendations and informed conclusions. Qualitative analysis of the data will be conducted by taking the responses and getting familiar with them. Words capturing main concepts and ideas will be highlighted and assigned codes. These codes will be used as units of analysis. Codes that match will be combined in a number of categories where they fit and hence given labels to help in establishing the definitions for the categories and the themes. These categories will be grouped into different themes which will be constantly reviewed and compared to the issues that have been highlighted: online shopping, motivational factors and marketing outcomes. Limitations of the Study This research seeks to gather data by the way of using a standardized instrument of survey as one of its options in the mixed method approach. In such an analysis of data collected, the focus on online shopping has its own limitations;the online shopping theme is a subject that needs interpretation. There is a chance that some participants may cover up some important aspects of online shopping and exaggerate on some issues. This could therefore amount to a limited perspective on the topic under study especially concerning the motivational factors to online shopping. Again, a lot of time will be required to analyze the large volumes of the collected data especially through the qualitative section of the study.

How to Get a Raise at Work

How to Get a Raise at Work Your salary  now actually can have a profound impact on what you will make later down the line- not to mention how much you’ll have to work with when it comes time to retire. Make sure you’re not sabotaging your chances for a raise by following these 6 steps on how to get a raise at work. 1. Ask†¦You’ll never get it if you don’t ask. This is true of almost anything. It’s also true that most employees just don’t ask for a raise- even if they think they’ve earned it and are overdue. And the vast majority of employees who do ask usually get what they ask for, or just a little less. A raise ain’t gonna fall into your lap! You have to ask for what you want to stand a chance of ever getting it.2. †¦but don’t ask  too soon.Millennials in particular are guilty of thinking they deserve a raise or a promotion much sooner and more regularly than perhaps they actually do. Never ask before you’ve been at a company for at least a year, and have really gotten your feet wet and your hands dirty and made some marked progress there.3. Be prepared.It’s not enough to waltz into an office and demand a raise. You need to do your homework, figure out what’s a reasonable ask, and have a negotiating strategy in place. You’ll be asked for a number; have one ready. Also be ready to highlight and defend your accomplishments and show how they are (currently) undervalued assets.4.  Know exactly what you want.This doesn’t just pertain to dollar amounts. This pertains to career goals. Figure out the next 5 to 10 years of your trajectory. Figure out how this raise falls into that, have a number beneath which you’re not willing to go, and be the one in charge of defining your own goals and worth.5.  Let them know you might walk.It never hurts to leave the â€Å"or I’ll walk† card on the table in salary negotiations. Even if you have no intention of leaving. If your boss knows you’ll stay no matter what, she’s never going to offer to pay you more.6.  Don’t focus on â€Å"fairness.†But it isn’t fair. Or this is fair†¦ The truth is, there is no such thing as fair. Or there is- it just has no place in salary negotiations. Instead, approach it as a kind of contest. And if you can have a trump card, like another offer, or the threat of seeking one, then you’ll be in a much better position to win that contest.

I don't know you tell me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I don't know you tell me - Essay Example Interestingly, this was evidence that was not actually new. Indeed it was already there. It was our science methods which were not sophisticated enough at the time of the crime. Yet, nonetheless, while our scientific intelligence has not reached heights enough to analyze existing evidence, we still put people to death. four cases, innocent men have not just been sent to death row to languish while their perfunctory appeals have run out. They have been executed. Odd term, â€Å"executed†. One would think that we could at least no hide behind terms. We are in fact, committing murder. Notwithstanding the beacon of evidence mounting, death penalty advocates continue to spew the false notion that â€Å"the system works† and that the innocence of any executed person has never been proven in fact. Justice Scalia ignores the evidence and he is wrong. He must never have heard of â€Å"The Innocence Project. His ignorance is equal opportunity. As the cases indicate, men of all colors are put to death due to shoddy police work, prosecutorial misconduct and ignorant jurors. Over the past two years some of the nation’s leading newspapers have published shocking articles chronicling the cases of men who were executed even though there existed evidence which demonstrated innocence. As an aside, exculpating evidence is known as â€Å"Brady Material†. For example, Ruben Cantu, was a 26-year-old Latino man from San Antonio, that executed in 1993 for a murder robbery committed when he was 17 years old. In 2005, twelve years after the man’s execution, the Houston Chronicle published an investigative series that uncovered another defendant, who pled guilty to participating in the crime and who, signed an affidavit swearing that not only was Ruben Cantu not the murderer, but that he was not even present at the crime scene. Ray Krone was convicted two times for a murder he did not commit. A judge sentenced him to

How do we get out of this mess Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How do we get out of this mess - Term Paper Example Tom Keene and title â€Å"How to Fix the Economy: An Expert Panel.† The relatively short discussion for the loaded topic covered areas that are to be a benchmark on what should be done to put an end to the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Bill Gross probably starts it best by saying that we have first got to ask how we got into this mess (2010). The discussion covered areas that are most pressing in the current climate. The group tackled problems regarding housing, leadership, jobs and education. It is palpable that these areas of concern are in very much interconnected with each other. Majority of the group hold pessimistic views on the future of the economy as it is a long-term problem that may not see its end in years or even decades to come. The housing problem sets to be a quicksand which was a determinative factor in the state the economy is in right now. The importance of being homeowners among many Americans signifies the value and worth that he has on the society and even to himself. It is a representation and the tangible demonstration of one’s wealth. This is currently affected by unemployment which prevents homeowners to pay off their mortgage, acquire a home or may lead them to give up their home to make ends meet. This has created what Robert Shiller referred to as a bubble-and-burst cycle which is lead ing to continued lack of confidence (2010). The program of the government to provide for Home Buyer Tax Credit to stimulate the market into buying real property seems to alleviate this problem. Specifically, new homeowners with comparatively lower incomes may be able to avail of tax credits for their purchase. There is the palpable opposing argument on the need to restart private mortgage as aversion toward businesses such as Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mac (FRE) is still fresh in the memory of people. But it is also important to re-analyze the housing sector and to implement innovations to d away with the effects of the

Emotional Disorder Essay Example for Free

Emotional Disorder Essay There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes â€Å"good emotional health,† and it is difficult to measure emotional function with any degree of precision. It is probably safe to say that (1) all people display disorder or inappropriate behavior at certain times, (2) behavior is strongly influenced by an individual’s ethnic and cultural background, and (3) the label of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† itself have a negative effect on a person’s behavior and on the way in which other people interact with the individual so labeled. It is generally agreed, however, that to be classified as having an emotional or behavioral disability that requires treatment, a person’s behavior must deviate markedly and chronically from established societal and cultural norms. The extent to which an individual can function in major life roles is an important rehabilitation consideration, with severe mental illness (or chronic mental illness) defined by diagnosis, duration, and attendant disability. Role impairment occurs in severe of the following five areas: (1) self care and direction, (2) interpersonal relationships, (3) learning and leisure activities, (4) independent living, and (5) economic self-sufficiency. Caution should always be used in applying the designation of â€Å"emotionally disturbed† to anyone. Some individuals with visual impairments have been viewed as exhibiting behavior patterns that are â€Å"deviant† or â€Å"abnormal† primarily because of others’ limited understanding of blindness and their lack of ability to assess the emotional states of clients who are visually impaired. Parents as the root of the problem There is a wealth of educational and psychological research starting that â€Å"dysfunctional families† produce dysfunctional children. † Professionals tend to see parents as hostile, indifferent, uninterested, uncooperative, and the source of their children’s problems (Leitch Tangri, 1998). Recent studies indicate that this foundational belief in parents as the root if their child’s emotional disability or school difficulties remains steadfast. Teachers view parents as the source of their children’s problems and believe that the parents are in need of help themselves (Bailey, Buyssee, Edmonson, Smith, 1992; Friesen Ehlers, 1994; Mickelson, 2000). Additionally, teachers tend to view minority culture parents through biased eyes that that lead to misunderstanding. Yet in their study of African American, Hispanic American, Native American, and European American parents, Geenen, Powers, and Lopez Vasquez (2001) found that the culturally and linguistically diverse parents were active in special education transition planning activities. Emotional disability is particularly prevalent during and following an acute cardiac illness, especially heart attack. Approximately two-thirds of such individuals will have some disturbing emotional response, most commonly anxiety and or/depression. To some extent, the magnitude of the emotional response is a function of the client’s personality. The person, who was chronically dissatisfied, chronically depressed, hypochrondriacal, or hard driving, time-conscious and goal-oriented is more apt to respond with a significant and possibly disabling degree of anxiety and/ or depression. Although these personality types are often present, it should not be assumes that personality types are often present, it should not be assumed that personality patterns are always the cause of persistent anxiety or depression following an acute cardiac illness.

Security, Software, and Ethics Essay -- Software Computers Ethics Mora

Security, Software, and Ethics Introduction Every day, we use computer software to perform everyday tasks. These can range from sending e-mail, balancing your checkbook, web browsing, shopping and much more. Most people don't stop to think about the security of the software that we use on a daily basis. Users are more concerned about getting their work done, and security is little more than an afterthought. Security is a very important and often overlooked aspect of software development. Security is used to authenticate users, manage access to resources, and to ensure that data hasn't been compromised. Recent events such as the Sasser, SQL Server, Blaster and Nimda worms have been devastating throughout the world. They've cost companies and everyday people billions of dollars worth of wasted time, money and productivity. In some cases, data gets corrupted, modified or deleted. Businesses are unable to function normally, which can result in heavy financial losses. Some of these worms are still taking over computers to this day, long after patches have been readily available to fix the problem. Security professionals have been telling computer users to patch their systems and keep them up to date, but it their words aren't being listened to in spite of their warnings. Why is this scenario constantly being repeated? Who's responsible for ensuring that software we use is secure? I feel that software companies and software engineers are ethically responsible for making sure that their software is secure. We're becoming more dependent on computer software, which makes us more vulnerable to virus attacks from a security bug in a widely used piece of software. They must be able to ensure that our software is more secu... ...3] Peter Mell and Miles C. Tracy, "Procedures for Handling Security Patches", National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 2002 http://www.csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-40/sp800-40.pdf Suggested resources SANS Institute - Computer security web site, with information about computer security training http://www.sans.org SANS Institute Reading Room - Articles on a variety of security topics http://www.sans.org/rr Security Focus - Web site with news and analysis of security issues http://www.securityfocus.com The Register - Web site with IT-related news http://www.theregister.co.uk Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University http://www.sei.cmu.edu/ National Institute for Science and Technology http://www.nist.gov The CERTÂ ® Coordination Center - A reporting center for Internet security http://www.cert.org

Malnutrition in the Elderly with Dementia Essay

What is Malnutrition? Malnutrition is a state of nutrition (under or over nutrition) in which a lack of protein, energy and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue and/or body form, composition, function or clinical outcome. We will focus on under nutrition as a nutritional concern. The main cause for concern among older people in the UK is that they are not eating enough to maintain good nutrition. Among the population of older people in residential care there are many more underweight people than there are overweight or obese people, and in old age being underweight poses a far greater risk to health than being overweight. The most recent information on the nutritional status of older people in Britain was reported in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of people aged 65 years and over in 1998. In this survey, 3% of men and 6% of women living at home were underweight, while comparable figures for those in residential care were 16% and 15% respectively. It is suggested, however, that risk of undernutrition is still not adequately identified in older people and that undernutrition is often associated with hospitalisation and poor health status.1 The level of undernutrition among older people with dementia in residential care is likely to be even higher, with estimates that as many as 50% of older people with dementia have inadequate energy intakes. Undernutrition is related to increased mortality, increased risk of fracture, increased risk of infections and increased risk of specific nutrient deficiencies leading to a variety of health-related conditions that can greatly affect the quality of life. Disease can also exert a potent influence on malnutrition as medical conditions can reduce food intake and impair digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as affect how the body metabolises and utilises them. The causes of undernutrition in older people in residential care are often multi-factorial: low income, living alone, limited mobility, and lack of facilities and social network can lead to undernutrition before admission, and this is often exacerbated by depression, bereavement and confusion. Factors that have been associated with undernutrition in care situations include: lack of palatability of food and inflexible timing of meals, lack of assistance with eating or loss of independence in eating, lack of acceptability of food provided to ethnic minorities and lack of awareness of the need for assessment and documentation of older people at risk of undernutrition. Malnutrition can be significant if a person has: †¢ a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 †¢ had unintentional weight loss greater than 10% within the last 3-6 months †¢ a BMI less than 20kg/m2 and has had unintentional weight loss greater than 5% within the last 3-6 months People are also at risk of becoming malnourished if they have eaten very little or nothing for more than 5 days and/or this pattern is likely to continue. Worryingly, more than 1 in 4 of all adults admitted for a hospital stay, to a mental unit or a care home is at risk of malnutrition. It is a well-documented fact that worldwide, the elderly population is increasing, and with it, the incidence of malnutrition. Malnutrition is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality in independently living older people, as well as in nursing home residents and hospitalised patients. Prevalence of malnutrition amongst the elderly population: †¢ 35% in adults over 80 years of age †¢ 25 – 35% in adults 60 – 80 years †¢ 25% in adults less than 60 years of age Causes of Malnutrition There are many causes of malnutrition. These can include: †¢ Reduced intake: Poor appetite due to illness, food aversion, nausea or pain when eating, depression, anxiety, side effects of medication or drug addiction †¢ Inability to eat: This can be due to investigations or being held nil by mouth, reduced levels of consciousness; confusion; difficulty in feeding oneself due to weakness, arthritis or other conditions such as Parkinson’s Disease, dysphasia, vomiting, painful mouth conditions, poor oral hygiene or dentition; restrictions imposed by surgery or investigations †¢ Lack of food availability: poverty; poor quality diet at home, in hospital or in care homes; problems with shopping and cooking †¢ Impaired absorption: This can be due to medical and surgical problems effecting digestion & stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver /or absorption †¢ Altered metabolism: Increased or changed metabolic demands requirements related to illness e.g. cancer; surgery, organ dysfunction, or treatment †¢ Excess losses: Vomiting; diarrhoea; nutrient fistulae; stomas; losses from nasogastric losses tube and other drains or skin exudates from burns People at risk of Malnutrition As we have seen, the groups most vulnerable to malnutrition include: †¢ People just discharged from hospital †¢ Elderly people (16% in residential care) †¢ People with cancer and other long-term conditions †¢ People recovering from surgery Risk factors more specific to the elderly: Dementia and other neurological disorders: – Alzheimer’s disease – Other forms of dementia – Confusional syndrome – Consciousness disorders – Parkinsonism Consequences of Malnutrition Malnutrition can often go undetected and when left untreated, it can have serious consequences on health, which include: †¢ Increased risk to infections †¢ Delayed wound healing †¢ Impaired respiratory function †¢ Muscle weakness and depression Detection of Malnutrition There is no alternative to measurements of weight and height, along with other anthropometric measures in specialist circumstances. These measurements can then be used with the following questions: †¢ Has our resident been eating a normal and varied diet in the last few weeks? †¢ Has our resident experienced intentional or unintentional weight loss recently? Rapid weight loss is a concern in all patients/residents whether obese or not †¢ Can our residents eat, swallow, digest and absorb enough food safely to meet their likely needs? †¢ Does our resident have an unusually high need for all or some nutrients? Surgical stress, trauma, infection, metabolic disease, wounds, bedsores or history of poor intake may all contribute to such a need †¢ Does any treatment, disease, physical limitation or organ dysfunction limit out resident’s ability to handle the nutrients for current or future needs? †¢ Does our resident have excessive nutrient losses through vomiting, diarrhoea, surgical drains etc? †¢ Does a global assessment of our resident suggest under nourishment? Low body weight, loose fitting clothes, fragile skin, poor wound healing, apathy, wasted muscles, poor appetite, altered taste sensation, altered bowel habit. Discussion with relatives may be important †¢ In the light of all of the above, can our resident meet all of their requirements by voluntary choice from the food available? Understanding that asking these questions take a significant amount of time and expertise, a number of screening tools have been developed to help you identify whether our residents are at risk of malnutrition. Given the high prevalence of malnutrition and lack of proper management of patients/residents in various settings, performing a routine nutritional ‘screening’ should result in early identification of patients/residents who might have otherwise been missed. A screening tool should help establish reliable pathways of care for patients with malnutrition. Screening for malnutrition (and the risk of malnutrition) should be carried out by healthcare professionals with appropriate skills and training.

Introduction to heritage tourism

In Northern Ireland heritage tourism attractions can be classified in many different ways. These include manmade but not built to attract tourists attractions, manmade and purpose built to attract tourists attractions, natural attractions and can also be applied to special events. It is hoped that this seminar will help people to gain a wider understanding and appreciation of heritage tourism and the efforts of the bodies who do so much excellent work in order to protect and preserve Northern Ireland's rich heritage attractions. Manmade but not built to attract tourist heritage attractions include the Walls of Derry which were built in 1613 to protect the inhabitants from hostile enemies. They fulfilled their purpose during the siege by the Jacobites and defended the city for more than a hundred days until the siege ended. Another example of a heritage attraction is St Columb's Cathedral, built in 1633 and was the first cathedral in the British Isles to be built after the Reformation. Today, like the Walls, they are the city's most popular tourist attraction and receive hundreds of tourists a year .However the Cathedral is still used to worship in. The Walls are owned by the Honourable The Irish Society but are looked after by the Environment and Heritage Service. Manmade and purpose built to attract tourist attractions include the Tower Museum, which was built in 1992, which has displays on the early history of Derry, the Siege and the role it played during World War Two. Another example of this is the Ulster American Folk Park in Tyrone which was primarily built as an educational facility. It was built in the late 1970's to celebrate the United States' bicentenary in 1976. It is owned by MAGNI (National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland) which looks after all the museums and parks in its care. Natural attractions include the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim which was formed sixty five million years ago by the cooling of magma into its unique hexagonal shapes. It is perhaps the legend of Finn MacCool forming the Causeway that is perhaps more interesting than the actual formation. It is also the only World Heritage Site in Ireland having been made so in 1986. Special heritage attractions include the Halloween festival and the Maiden City Festival in Derry. The Maiden City festival was first held in 1997 and has had an extremely successful run each subsequent year. It embraces both sides of the community and has helped both sides to gain a better understanding of the others culture. The Banks of the Foyle Halloween Carnival has had perhaps an even more successful run. It won the Northern Ireland Tourist Board's â€Å"Event of the Year† Award in 2002. To tie in with the festivities are ghost tours around the city and story telling in the Tower Museum. 0950- The National Trust The National Trust was established in 1895 by Robert Hunter, Octavia Hill and Hardwicke Rawnsley to â€Å"guard† the threatened coastlines, countryside and historic buildings of the United Kingdom. They had been concerned with the unrestrained development and industrialisation of the Victorian Era. Since 1884 Hunter had been calling for the establishment of an organization to â€Å"administer its property with a view to the protection of the public interests in open spaces.† In over a hundred years it has become the largest independent conservation body in the world and now owns more than two hundred historic buildings , more than six hundred thousand acres of countryside and more than five hundred miles of coastline. Its main aim is, and always has been, to â€Å"maintain and care for the coast, countryside and historic buildings on behalf of the nation†. In Northern Ireland the Trust owns almost fifty different properties spread around the country .These include Mount Stewart in County Down which is one of the Trust's more popular properties in Northern Ireland. The property not only includes some of the most magnificent gardens in Northern Ireland but also objects of historical significance. The dining room features the actual chairs that were used by the delegates in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The house also contains priceless paintings which were collected by members of the family over several centuries. The Dining Room Mount Stewart Another popular property is Florencecourt in County Fermanagh. It was previously the home of the Enniskillen family and was given to the National Trust by the fifth Earl of Enniskillen in 1953. It is also of natural importance as on its grounds is the first Yew Tree was planted here in 1767. The land around the house is owned by the Forest Service which purchased the land from the sixth Earl of Enniskillen in 1975. Florence Court, County Fermanagh In County Antrim the Trust owns the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. It was primarily used as a way for fishermen to Carrick-a-Rede Island. Over one hundred thousand tourists visit the bridge every year. It is also an excellent place to view porpoises, dolphins and basking sharks. Carrick- a-Rede Rope Bridge The Giant's Causeway is the most popular heritage attraction in Northern Ireland and is the only UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ireland. More than five hundred thousand tourists a year visit the area from around the world. Over sixty million years old it was formed by lava flowing into the sea and gradually cooling and hardening. In 2002 the Giant's Causeway and Bushmills Railway opened more than fifty years after its predecessor the Giants Causeway, Portrush and Bush Valley Tramway closed. The line runs from the Giant's Causeway to Bushmills. The Causeway is also an important area for wildlife including peregrine falcons and a rare species of bird known as chough. The Causeway is the last known area in Northern Ireland for these birds to inhabit. The Giant's Causeway The Trust also owns and manages the Mourne Mountains specifically Slieve Donard and Slieve Commedagh. Slieve Donard is Northern Ireland's highest mountain standing at a majestic 850 metres. The Trust has only owned these two mountains since 1991 and, since it is a charity, it had to use its own money to buy them. It managed to raise enough money through a fundraising campaign and bought over a thousand acres. The Mournes have an abundance of wildlife including ravens, hares and rare dragonflies. Slieve Donard and Slieve Commedagh The Trust also owns and cares for sites that belong to Northern Ireland's industrial heritage such as Patterson's Spade Mill in County Antrim. It operated from 1919 to 1990 and was purchased by the Trust in 1992. It is the last working water-powered spade mill in the British Isles. The spades are still available for purchase at around twenty pounds. 1010- The Environment and Heritage Service The Environment and Heritage Service is the largest department in the Department of the Environment with more than five hundred personnel. It advises and implements the Government's policy on the environment in Northern Ireland. Their main aim is â€Å"to protect and conserve the natural and built environment and to promote it's appreciation for the benefit of present and future generations.† One of the areas the EHS cares for includes Scrabo Tower and Country Park in County Down. It was built in 1857 in memory of the 3rd Marquis of Londonderry (who also owned Mount Stewart) and can be seen for miles around. There is also a disused mine where the famous Scrabo Rock was extracted and exported to other areas of the United Kingdom. The EHS also cares for Roe Valley Country Park in County Antrim. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife including foxes, badgers and otters. The park is also a popular place for recreation including salmon and trout fishing, canoeing rock climbing, orienteering and riverside and woodland walks. They also look after Dunluce Castle in County Antrim which was built in the late 16th century. The incident in 1639 in which the kitchen fell into the sea is what the Castle is most renowned for. Carrickfergus Castle, Bellaghy Bawn, Ballycopeland Windmill, Dundrum Castle, Inch abbey, Grey Abbey and Hillsborough Courthouse. Other country parks and countryside centres the EHS cares for include Portrush, Countryside Centre, Castle Archdale County Park, Ervey Wood and Ness Wood. Scrabo Tower and Country Park Dunluce Castle Greenpeace Greenpeace had it's beginnings in 1971 when several people protested at the USA detonating underground nuclear bombs in a area used by rare otters near Alaska. It has grown in the last thirty years and has over 2.8 million supporters around the world. It operates in more than forty countries and has its headquarters in Amsterdam. Greenpeace's latest triumph has been in putting pressure on the World Heritage Committee to add Lake Baikal (the largest fresh water lake in the world) and the Volcanoes of Kamchatka in Russia to the list of World Heritage sites. More than twelve million hectares will now be preserved. Greenpeace also successfully put pressure on the WHC to declare the Komi Virgin Forests in the Urals a World Heritage Site. 1100-The Wildlife Trust It is the United Kingdom's largest conservation charity devoted to wildlife. No member of the trust is paid as all of its members volunteer to help the Trust. The Trust cares for more than two thousand nature reserves. There were four hundred thousand voluntary members of the Trust in 2002 and the member is still growing. Membership costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24 a year for one person and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36 per annum for a family membership. They have 47 local trusts and a trust for children known as the Wildlife Watch who work together to protect wildlife in different areas from cities to the countryside especially in national and country parks. The local trust in Northern Ireland is the Ulster Wildlife Trust and was founded in 1978. In Northern Ireland there are more than 2000 members of the Trust. Their main aim is to â€Å"help people recognise that a healthy environment, rich in wildlife and managed on sustainable principles, is essential for continued human existence.† WWF The World Wide Fund for Nature's main aims are to protect and conserve endangered species and to address global threats to wildlife. However it only works to protect animals in the wild and has â€Å"no experience or expertise to deal with issues relating to animals in captivity. Whereas the larger organisation works on international issues relating to animals the UK organisation work to look after the countries wild animals. It can be involved in many matters affecting wildlife such as challenging the government on the destruction of the countryside. It also puts forward the effects of tourism in wildlife. Unlike other heritage organisations it owns no property and therefore has more money to spend.

Women in Australian history 1901 - 1945 essays

Women in Australian history 1901 - 1945 essays The period from 1901 to 1945 saw Australian women endure many hardships. Due to events that occurred during the period such as the economic boom, the depression, world war one and world war two their were many advancements making the lives of women easier, some classes much more then others. These include the technology that became available, changes in fashions, and greater equality in the workforce and on the political scene. Through dividing the period up and looking at each part, I will establish that life was slightly better for Australian women at the end of the period as apposed to the beginning. At the time of federation women did not fare well at all. Women were forced to work long hours for little pay. In 1901 women made up 20.1% of the workforce, however, to them the basic wage did not apply. They received only around half of that given to men for the same task. For most, marriage was an economic necessity, however, when married, wives were dominated by their husbands and suffered loss of their economic independence. Women at home worked a 6-day week with no access to labour saving devices. Wives of rural workers lived particularly hard lives being frequently left on their own to look after the children. There were very few women who played major roles in society. Women dressed very formally and the beginning of the century wearing hats, long dresses and gloves when going out, along with corsets and petticoats. This made day to day life very difficult for many women. After the first ten years following federation, some progress towards equality was made. Women started to work in professions, despite the vast majority continuing to be employed in factories, as domestic servants or remaining at home. Women still dominated the lower paid jobs despite protective legislation and few achieved management positions. Australia was the second country in the world to give women the right to vote and stand in Feder...

GROUP CYCLES Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GROUP CYCLES - Term Paper Example But after I got into the team, I learned that being in it wasnt so glamorous and exciting as Id previously thought. Before long I discovered that the head cheerleader and another cheerleader were having intense arguments on how to lead the team. This period was very stormy and difficult for us. What I have learned and experienced through being in the team was how to cope with difficult and complex social situations. I had to learn how to manage the fragile situation between the two feuding cheerleaders and this helped me develop a skill of conflict resolution. After having experienced that, I now know how to solve conflicts that arise in my daily life much better. Still, although Ive gained much from that experience, I wouldnt want to be in a cheerleading team again. Now Im in college as a Psychology student and Ive recently learned that what Id gone through with the cheerleading team was a process of group development, which can be divided into a few stages of a model. Now I could i dentify that weve gone through the stages of forming, storming, norming and then

Supply HW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply HW - Essay Example It offers access to many regions and nations of the world; this fact alone can be a very attractive feature from the point of view of logistics companies. Even the forecasted economic growth is creating an increased utility for logistics services in the region. This is a very encouraging point for the logistics companies, which have to muster a substantial amount of capital outlay when initiating their operations in Dubai. However, the current space constraint of the Dubai International Airport is proving to be a very costly constraint for the logistics companies and freight forwarders. Both these parties require more space in order to expand the horizon of their operations, but since the airport has literally come into the city, there is no scope for expansion there. However, as mentioned earlier, the royal family never fears a huge capital outlay when devising expensive projects; therefore, the royal family has decided to sponsor the construction of a Dubai Logistics City. This cit y will be located near Jebel Ali port and will be complemented with a Jebel Ali airport. These initiatives will allow logistics service providers to transform into tri-modal service providers, thus increasing their profitability substantially (Mangan, Lalwani, and Butcher 303-315). Part 1: Case Analysis Analysis of Relevant Issues: Emirate Dubai is home to a population of 1.2 million people. The city can be classified as a cosmopolitan, since it provides shelters to people from multilingual backgrounds, different cultural backgrounds, different countries, and different regions of the world. Dubai is the 2nd largest and wealthiest of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. The city provides a linking ground between the West soil, Persian soil, and Asia soil. Trade in the region increased in the 2nd half of the centaury. The fundamental reason behind this change was the building up of a sea port and numerous tax concessions offered by the monarch of the land. When oil was disc overed in the city, trade and exports of the city saw a drastic increase. However, the royal family of the land was clear that it would end this dependency of the economy on oil export and would create alternate avenues for revenue generation. It was due to this that the city started making progress in its infrastructure development and sites that could attract tourists. The initiatives taken by the rulers led to an increase in the internationality of the city. This was augmented by the easy living atmosphere offered by the city. Western foreigners also found a land were they could spend quality time. This easy going atmosphere was germinated due to the liberal religious attitude of the rulers and due to the English language being the most preferred language of the city (Mangan, Lalwani, and Butcher 303-315). Such favorable characteristics of Dubai made it a regional trade hub; it serves around 2 billion customers worldwide. Businesses interested in starting operations in this city should not fear the law and order situation in the country, political climate of the city, and external relationship of the city. The city has been deemed as the Switzerland of the Arab world because of it neutrality towards international events and incidents. A business